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Molecular Rotors as Switches
Mei Xue,Kang L. Wang
Sensors , 2012, DOI: 10.3390/s120911612
Abstract: The use of a functional molecular unit acting as a state variable provides an attractive alternative for the next generations of nanoscale electronics. It may help overcome the limits of conventional MOSFETd due to their potential scalability, low-cost, low variability, and highly integratable characteristics as well as the capability to exploit bottom-up self-assembly processes. This bottom-up construction and the operation of nanoscale machines/devices, in which the molecular motion can be controlled to perform functions, have been studied for their functionalities. Being triggered by external stimuli such as light, electricity or chemical reagents, these devices have shown various functions including those of diodes, rectifiers, memories, resonant tunnel junctions and single settable molecular switches that can be electronically configured for logic gates. Molecule-specific electronic switching has also been reported for several of these device structures, including nanopores containing oligo(phenylene ethynylene) monolayers, and planar junctions incorporating rotaxane and catenane monolayers for the construction and operation of complex molecular machines. A specific electrically driven surface mounted molecular rotor is described in detail in this review. The rotor is comprised of a monolayer of redox-active ligated copper compounds sandwiched between a gold electrode and a highly-doped P+ Si. This electrically driven sandwich-type monolayer molecular rotor device showed an on/off ratio of approximately 104, a read window of about 2.5 V, and a retention time of greater than 104 s. The rotation speed of this type of molecular rotor has been reported to be in the picosecond timescale, which provides a potential of high switching speed applications. Current-voltage spectroscopy (I-V) revealed a temperature-dependent negative differential resistance (NDR) associated with the device. The analysis of the device I–V characteristics suggests the source of the observed switching effects to be the result of the redox-induced ligand rotation around the copper metal center and this attribution of switching is consistent with the observed temperature dependence of the switching behavior as well as the proposed energy diagram of the device. The observed resistance switching shows the potential for future non-volatile memories and logic devices applications. This review will discuss the progress and provide a perspective of molecular motion for nanoelectronics and other applications.
A Guess Model of Black Holes and the Evolution of Universe  [PDF]
Zhenhua Mei, Shuyu Mei
Journal of Modern Physics (JMP) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2012.329154
Abstract: Based on the gravitational theory, fundamental data, and comprehensible suppositions, an evolution model of the universe was proposed. The universe exists in explosion and constringency mobile equilibrium state. The critical sizes of celestial bodies were calculated in their evolution process.
Mass the Confined Movement of Energy  [PDF]
Zhenhua Mei, Shuyu Mei
Journal of Modern Physics (JMP) , 2017, DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2017.86058
Abstract: According to Einstein’s mass-energy relation (E=mc2), and the discovery of neutrino oscillation fact, a new view of mass nature is proposed: The rest mass of a particle is not else something but just the confined movement of energy.
Conducting Online Surveys in China
Bing Mei,Gavin T. L. Brown
- , 2018, DOI: 10.1177/0894439317729340
Abstract: Using online surveys is becoming increasingly extensive and widespread. Social science research in China is no exception. However, due to contextual factors (e.g., technological constraints, social and cultural norms, and language barriers), prior successful methods may not apply. This article reports an alternative way of conducting online surveys in China, by combining local commercial online survey service providers with indigenous Web 2.0 applications. The case study demonstrates the feasibility of this approach and provides practical advice (e.g., adding incentives) on how to effectively conduct online survey in China
A Human Platelet Calcium Calculator Trained by Pairwise Agonist Scanning
Mei Yan Lee,Scott L. Diamond
- , 2015, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004118
Abstract: Since platelet intracellular calcium mobilization [Ca(t)]i controls granule release, cyclooxygenase-1 and integrin activation, and phosphatidylserine exposure, blood clotting simulations require prediction of platelet [Ca(t)]i in response to combinatorial agonists. Pairwise Agonist Scanning (PAS) deployed all single and pairwise combinations of six agonists (ADP, convulxin, thrombin, U46619, iloprost and GSNO used at 0.1, 1, and 10xEC50; 154 conditions including a null condition) to stimulate platelet P2Y1/P2Y12 GPVI, PAR1/PAR4, TP, IP receptors, and guanylate cyclase, respectively, in Factor Xa-inhibited (250 nM apixaban), diluted platelet rich plasma that had been loaded with the calcium dye Fluo-4 NW. PAS of 10 healthy donors provided [Ca(t)]i data for training 10 neural networks (NN, 2-layer/12-nodes) per donor. Trinary stimulations were then conducted at all 0.1x and 1xEC50 doses (160 conditions) as was a sampling of 45 higher ordered combinations (four to six agonists). The NN-ensemble average was a calcium calculator that accurately predicted [Ca (t)]i beyond the single and binary training set for trinary stimulations (R = 0.924). The 160 trinary synergy scores, a normalized metric of signaling crosstalk, were also well predicted (R = 0.850) as were the calcium dynamics (R = 0.871) and high-dimensional synergy scores (R = 0.695) for the 45 higher ordered conditions. The calculator even predicted sequential addition experiments (n = 54 conditions, R = 0.921). NN-ensemble is a fast calcium calculator, ideal for multiscale clotting simulations that include spatiotemporal concentrations of ADP, collagen, thrombin, thromboxane, prostacyclin, and nitric oxide
The Precise Inner Solutions of Gravity Field Equations of Hollow and Solid Spheres and the Theorem of Singularity  [PDF]
Xiaochu Mei
International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics (IJAA) , 2011, DOI: 10.4236/ijaa.2011.13016
Abstract: The precise inner solutions of gravity field equations of hollow and solid spheres are calculated in this paper. To avoid space curvature infinite at the center of solid sphere, we set an integral constant to be zero directly at present. However, according to the theory of differential equation, the integral constant should be determined by the known boundary conditions of spherical surface, in stead of the metric at the spherical center. By considering that fact that the volumes of three dimensional hollow and solid spheres in curved space are different from that in flat space, the integral constants are proved to be nonzero. The results indicate that no matter what the masses and densities of hollow sphere and solid sphere are, there exist space-time singularities at the centers of hollow sphere and solid spheres. Meanwhile, the intensity of pressure at the center point of solid sphere can not be infinite. That is to say, the material can not collapse towards the center of so-called black hole. At the center and its neighboring region of solid sphere, pressure intensities become negative values. There may be a region for hollow sphere in which pressure intensities may become negative values too. The common hollow and solid spheres in daily live can not have such impenetrable characteristics. The results only indicate that the singularity black holes predicated by general relativity are caused by the descriptive method of curved space-time actually. If black holes exist really in the universe, they can only be the Newtonian black holes, not the Einstein’s black holes. The results revealed in the paper are consistent with the Hawking theorem of singularity actually. They can be considered as the practical examples of the theorem.
The R-W Metric Has No Constant Curvature When Scalar Factor R(t) Changes with Time  [PDF]
Xiaochun Mei
International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics (IJAA) , 2011, DOI: 10.4236/ijaa.2011.14023
Abstract: The true meaning of the constant in the Robertson-Walker metric is discussed when the scalar factor s the function of time. By strict calculation based on the Riemannian geometry, it is proved that the spatial curvature of the R-W metric is K=(κ-R2)/R2 . The result indicates that the R-W metric has no constant curvature when R(t)≠0 and κ is not spatial curvature factor. We can only consider κ as an adjustable parameter with κ≠0 in general situations. The result is completely different from the current understanding which is based on the precondition that the scalar factor R(t) is fixed. Due to this result, many conclusions in the current cosmology such as the densities of dark material and dark energy should be re-estimated. In this way, we may overcome the current puzzling situation of cosmology thoroughly.
Symmetry Violation of Time Reversal in Third Order Vertex Angle Renormalization Process of Electromagnetic Interaction  [PDF]
Xiaochun Mei
Journal of Modern Physics (JMP) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2012.31006
Abstract: According to the current understanding, electromagnetic interaction is invariable under time reversal. However, the proof of time reversal symmetry in quantum theory of field has not considered the effects of high order perturbation normalizations. It is proved in the paper that when the renormalization effect of third order vertex angles process is taken into account, the symmetry of time reversal will be violated in electromagnetic interaction process. Because the magnitude order of symmetry violation is about 10–5, but the precision of current experiments on time reversal in particle physics is about 10–3, this kind of symmetry violation can not be found. The result reveals the micro-origin of asymmetry of time reversal and can be used to solve the famous irreversibility paradox in the evolution processes of macro- material systems.
The Singularities of Gravitational Fields of Static Thin Loop and Double Spheres Reveal the Impossibility of Singularity Black Holes  [PDF]
Xiaochun Mei
Journal of Modern Physics (JMP) , 2013, DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2013.47131
Abstract:

In the classical Newtonian mechanics, the gravity fields of static thin loop and double spheres are two simple but foundational problems. However, in the Einstein’s theory of gravity, they are not simple. In fact, we do not know their solutions up to now. Based on the coordinate transformations of the Kerr and the Kerr-Newman solutions of the Einstein’s equation of gravity field with axial symmetry, the gravity fields of static thin loop and double spheres are obtained. The results indicate that, no matter how much the mass and density are, there are singularities at the central point of thin loop and the contact point of double spheres. What is more, the singularities are completely exposed in vacuum. Space near the surfaces of thin loop and spheres are highly curved, although the gravity fields are very weak. These results are inconsistent with practical experience and completely impossible. By reasonable analogy, black holes with singularity in cosmology and astrophysics are something illusive. Caused by the mathematical description of curved space-time, they do not exist in real world actually. If there are black holes in the universe, they can only be the types of the Newtonian black holes without singularities, rather than the Einstein’s singularity black holes. In order to escape the puzzle of singularity thoroughly, the description of gravity should return to the traditional form of dynamics in flat space. The renormalization of gravity and the unified description of four basic interactions may be possible only based on the frame of flat space-time. Otherwise, theses problems can not be solved forever. Physicists should have a clear understanding about this problem.

The Proof That There Are No Invariabilities of Lorentz Transformations in the Interaction Theories of Micro-Particle Physics  [PDF]
Xiaochun Mei
Journal of Modern Physics (JMP) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2014.58071
Abstract:

It is proved in this paper that there are at least five situations in the interaction theories of microparticle physics that the Lorentz transformations have no invariabilities. 1) In the formula to calculate transition probabilities in particle physics, the so-called invariability factor of phase space d3p/E is not invariable actually under the Lorentz transformations. Only in one-dimensional motion with uy = uz = 0, it is invariable. 2) The propagation function of spinor field in quantum theory of field has no invariability of Lorentz Transformation actually. What appears in the transformation is the sum of Lorentz factors aμνaλμ ≠ δνλ when ν, λ = 1, 4, rather than aμνaλμ = δνλ. But in the current

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